Journal of Korean Institute of Architectural Sustainable Environment and Building Systems ISSN:1976-6483(Print) 2586-0666(Online) 한국건축친환경설비학회논문집

The evolution of bathroom interiors mirrors changes in residential culture and societal shifts, adapting to users’ diverse needs. Initially, bathrooms were basic facilities often located outside or minimally equipped. By the mid-20th century, the importance of hygiene brought them indoors with tiles, bathtubs, sinks, and toilets. After 1980, bathrooms became spaces for comfort and relaxation, incorporating larger bathtubs, spa features, and luxurious finishes. In the 21st century, they have become key design elements, embracing minimalism, nature-inspired designs, and smart technology. Recently, environmental concerns have led to designs prioritizing energy efficiency and water conservation, emphasizing sustainable and personalized bathroom designs. Historically, bathroom culture has varied significantly, from ancient Greek chamber pots to Rome’s sophisticated facilities. In Korea, bathrooms have transitioned from neglected outhouses to essential, multifunctional spaces. Rapid urbanization and economic growth have elevated their status, influencing design and functionality. Currently, bathrooms are equated with living spaces, using high-end materials and unique designs. As single-person households and nuclear families increase, bathrooms now align with open space and wellness trends. This study explores the historical evolution, contemporary trends, and future expectations of modern bathrooms as personal, sensory spaces.