• Research Article

    A Study on the Analysis of Energy Assessment Items of G-SEED Certified Apartment Housings

    녹색건축 본인증을 받은 공동주택의 에너지관련 인증항목 분석에 관한 연구

    Jeong, Young-Sun, Yun, Yo-Sun, Jang, Dae-Hee

    정영선, 윤요선, 장대희

    In South Korea, eco-friendly building certification began in 2012, and the green building rating system called G-SEED (The Green Standard for Energy … + READ MORE
    In South Korea, eco-friendly building certification began in 2012, and the green building rating system called G-SEED (The Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) is currently in operation. 10 years have passed since the G-SEED-2016 certification criteria began, and it is necessary to review the current status of certification and find improvement measures of G-SEED. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of certification and evaluation results for G-SEED-certified apartment housings, and to analyze the scoring status and application technology for energy-related certification assessment items in the energy and environmental pollution fields. Among the apartment houses actually built from 2016 to 2024, 1,290 G-SEED- certified projects were analyzed. The energy-related assessment items analyzed are energy performance, energy monitoring & management support devices, and new and renewable energy use. Data of the certified buildings from the G-SEED certification management system were collected, and data were classified by certification assessment items to derive dataset for analysis. As a result, 70.8% of G-SEED certified apartment houses acquired Green 4 grade, and about 14.6% of these with Green 1 grade and Green 2 grade. The distribution results of the obtained scores show that G-SEED certified apartment houses are obtaining scores close to the reference scores for each certification grade. Through this study, we also confirmed that the acquisition score of energy-related certification assessment items has a high influence on the G-SEED grade. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Bibliometric Analysis in Microgrids using Text Mining and Topic Modeling: Focusing on Renewable Energy Integration and Sector Coupling

    텍스트 마이닝 및 토픽 모델링을 활용한 마이크로그리드 연구 동향 분석: 재생에너지 통합과 섹터 커플링을 중심으로

    Bok, Min-Kyoung, Song, Young-Hak

    복민경, 송영학

    This review study quantitatively analyzes academic trends and examines the technological evolution of microgrids, which are expanding rapidly due to the global … + READ MORE
    This review study quantitatively analyzes academic trends and examines the technological evolution of microgrids, which are expanding rapidly due to the global energy transition. To ensure academic reliability, 206 SCIE-indexed publications from the past 18 years (2008–2025) were analyzed using Natural Language Processing(NLP)-based text mining and LDA Topic modeling. The analysis reveals that the fundamental basis of microgrid research lies in energy management systems and optimization algorithms. In particular, robust optimization for managing the uncertainty of renewable energy accounts for the largest share of the literature. Furthermore, the paradigm of flexibility resources is shifting from stationary facilities to electric vehicles and demand response. The study also demonstrates that sector coupling, integrating electrical and thermal energy, is establishing an independent research domain centered on distributed control. Notably, the intertopic distance analysis identifies a research gap between deterministic grid control and market-based economic mechanisms, suggesting a lack of integrated real-time optimization frameworks. The findings imply that microgrids are evolving into intelligent platforms that integrate multi-source energy and mobile resources. This study provides a strategic basis for future research aimed at ensuring the interoperability, reliability, and economic viability of next-generation microgrid systems. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Strategic Advancement Roadmap for G-SEED based on the Evolutionary Trajectories of BREEAM and LEED

    BREEAM과 LEED의 진화적 변천 분석에 기초한 국내 녹색건축인증(G-SEED)의 고도화 로드맵 연구

    Kim, Samuel

    김삼열

    The present study evaluates the technical evolution of the Korea Green Building Certification System (G-SEED) in comparison with global leading standards, BREEAM … + READ MORE
    The present study evaluates the technical evolution of the Korea Green Building Certification System (G-SEED) in comparison with global leading standards, BREEAM v7 and LEED v5. Despite the successful establishment of a carbon-neutral platform within the Stage 3 framework, this work identifies a persistent ‘Performance Gap’ arising from G-SEED’s reliance on static, design-based assessments. Through a technical gap analysis focused on three core pillars—Decarbonization, Resilience, and Verification—the results demonstrate that while global standards have progressed toward continuous, data-driven verification, the domestic system remains limited to the pre-occupancy stage. To bridge this gap, this study proposes a ‘Performance Verification-based Advancement (Stage 4)’ roadmap, incorporating Whole Life Carbon (WLC) quantification, dynamic resilience modeling based on IPCC scenarios, and real-time Measurement and Verification (M&V) governance. These findings provide a strategic foundation for enhancing the technical integrity and global standardization of Korean green building certifications in the ESG era. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Exploratory Cost-Optimality Assessment of Building Envelope Thermal Performance Standards in South Korea: EnergyPlus Parametric Simulation and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis

    에너지절약설계기준 외피 열관류율의 비용최적 적정성 탐색적 평가: EnergyPlus 파라메트릭 시뮬레이션 및 생애주기비용 분석

    Mun, Jeong-Min, Yang, Hyun-Ho, Kim, Jeong-Uk

    문정민, 양현호, 김정욱

    This study evaluates cost-optimality of building envelope U-value standards in South Korea (Notification No. 2025-738) using EnergyPlus 24.1.0 and a simplified EU … + READ MORE
    This study evaluates cost-optimality of building envelope U-value standards in South Korea (Notification No. 2025-738) using EnergyPlus 24.1.0 and a simplified EU 244/2012 life-cycle cost framework. A total of 1,512 parametric cases covering three building types and four climate zones were analyzed under nine economic-carbon scenario combinations. Wall standards are near cost-optimal for residential buildings, but non-residential standards are consistently lax, with the gap widening toward southern zones. Window standards are less stringent than cost-optimal across all sectors, robust against replacement cost uncertainty. Morris sensitivity analysis ranked airtightness (ACH) as the most influential variable, highlighting the absence of quantitative airtightness provisions in current regulations. These findings are exploratory, based on ASHRAE 90.1-2019 prototype buildings adapted to Korean conditions. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Vision AI-based Occupant Metabolic Rate and Clothing Insulation Estimation for Building Cooling Load and Thermal Comfort Simulation Analysis

    비전 AI기반 재실자 대사량‧착의량 추정을 통한 건물 냉방 부하 및 열쾌적성 시뮬레이션 분석

    Lee, Jin-Ju, Jeong, Eui-Ryeoung, Kim, Cham-Sol, Oh, Wonseok

    이진주, 정의령, 김참솔, 오원석

    This study proposes a video-based artificial intelligence pipeline that automatically estimates the metabolic rate (MET) and clothing insulation (CLO) of building occupants, … + READ MORE
    This study proposes a video-based artificial intelligence pipeline that automatically estimates the metabolic rate (MET) and clothing insulation (CLO) of building occupants, and applies the derived dynamic behavior data to an eQUEST building energy simulation. The MET estimation algorithm uses YOLOv11n-Pose to classify three activity states (sitting, standing, and walking) through joint-angle analysis and ankle-motion FFT, achieving an average error of 24.9% (R = 0.44) in single-occupant validation. The CLO estimation algorithm combines YOLOv7-Pose keypoint extraction, DeepFashion2-based garment category matching, and YCrCb skin-ratio correction for sleeve and trouser length, achieving an average error of 11.5% (R = 0.83). Applied to a real classroom environment (Room 209, N13 Building, Hanbat National University; 31 occupants), the algorithms yielded a group-averaged MET of 1.08 and CLO of 0.565. eQUEST simulations showed that applying the measured dynamic MET (1.08) increased the peak space cooling load by 6.93% (from 3,581 W to 3,829 W) relative to the conventional static assumption (MET = 1.0). Thermal comfort analysis using the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool (ASHRAE 55) indicated that Case 4, which integrates both dynamic MET and CLO, achieved PMV = −0.14 and PPD = 5%, the most neutral result among the four cases. The corresponding SET* of 24.6℃ indicating a shift toward thermal neutrality at the same set-point. However, the validation was limited to a single classroom on a single observation day, and the group-averaged estimates may be subject to bias from occlusion-induced detection loss; future work will extend the framework to multi-season and multi-density scenarios across various space types. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Energy Performance Review of Thermal Energy Storage Combined Water-Side Economizer by ASHRAE Climate Zones

    ASHRAE 기후 존별 축열조 결합형 WSE 시스템의 에너지 성능 검토

    Gu, Eun-Yu, Lim, Seok-Ho, Song, Young-Hak

    구은유, 임석호, 송영학

    Increased data center energy demand has raised interest in free-cooling strategies. This study evaluates a data-center cooling system that combines a thermal … + READ MORE
    Increased data center energy demand has raised interest in free-cooling strategies. This study evaluates a data-center cooling system that combines a thermal energy storage (TES) tank with a water-side economizer (WSE) across ASHRAE climate zones 0A–8. Using EnergyPlus annual simulations for 19 representative locations, a data-center HVAC model with the proposed TES combined WSE (TS-WSE) strategy was tested. Key results show climate-dependent performance: in cool, dry climates (e.g. ASHRAE Zone 8) the TS-WSE achieved ~83% full free cooling operation and only ~2% of full-load cooling via chillers, whereas in hot, humid climates (0A) free cooling was negligible (~0%), requiring 100% chiller cooling. Intermediate zones showed significant partial free cooling (e.g. 3B: ~56% full, ~40% partial free-cooling hours). Annual cooling demand under TS-WSE ranged from ~4,334 MWh (0A) to 653 MWh (8). These findings indicate that TS-WSE energy savings vary strongly with climate, with maximum benefit in cold, dry regions. The results underscore the importance of climate-tailored design for data-center cooling systems. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Development of a SketchUp-ECO2 Integrated PV System Design Tool

    SketchUp-ECO2 연동 기반 태양광 시스템 설계 툴 개발

    Park, Jun-Hwan, Baek, Seung-Hyo

    박준환, 백승효

    As Zero Energy Building (ZEB) certification has become mandatory, photovoltaic (PV) systems are being more actively considered in building design. However, ECO2, … + READ MORE
    As Zero Energy Building (ZEB) certification has become mandatory, photovoltaic (PV) systems are being more actively considered in building design. However, ECO2, the government-approved evaluation tool for ZEB certification in South Korea, does not support 3D visualization or shading analysis. To address this limitation, this study developed a SketchUp-based PV system design tool that integrates ECO2 with a GPU-accelerated ray-casting shading analysis algorithm. To examine its applicability, simulations were conducted for 30 buildings near M University in Daejeon, and PV generation results with and without shading consideration were compared. The results showed that 17 out of 30 buildings exhibited reduced PV performance when surrounding shading was considered, with a maximum annual loss rate of 6.7%. Module-level analysis also showed that, even in buildings with low average shading impact, some modules experienced substantial power loss, with a maximum of 41 kWh/yr. In addition, shading effects were more pronounced under conditions of relatively low building height, short separation distance from adjacent buildings, and winter solar conditions. These results indicate that shading should be considered in PV planning for dense urban environments. The proposed tool presents a method for combining ECO2-based performance evaluation with 3D design review in the early stage of PV system planning. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026
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